The review assesses history of personalized approach in medicine, terminology and definitions and current situation in personalized medicine in the world. Major fields of implementation, classification, advantages and practical barriers are also discussed as well as future perspectives.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led an unexpected acceleration of mobile-health (m-Health) with the adoption of telemedicine, remote monitoring, and several other digital approaches. These changes occurred rapidly in a few weeks and are likely to remain even when the emergency will be over. Thus, m-health tools, wearables, and remote medicine may replace or, at least, support the traditional face-to-face contact between patients and clinicians. This is particularly true in the area of cardiovascular diseases as it is now technically possible to collect remotely a vast range of data, such as blood pressure, heart rate and its regularity, heart sounds, body weight, sugar and cholesterol levels, electrocardiogram, respiratory rate in addition to symptoms. Several aspects, however, are still a challenge and need to be resolved. Reimbursement has to be changed in order to equally support the digital transformation. Aspects related to privacy, liability, regulatory issues, and even research need to be addressed in a fair and firm way for both clinicians and technology developers. At present, these are still barriers to the implementation of m-health. Governments should provide more education on m-health to support healthcare professionals and citizens (especially the elderly) with the digitalisation revolution. A “Digital divide” for those with poor income or poor access to high-speed internet or personal computers should also be recognised and improved to avoid to be excluded from the benefits of m-health.

The present review article is about all this. First, we define what m-health is, then we consider the good and bad of m-health in general terms and in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we argue that more concrete involvement and effort is needed by the multi-stakeholders of healthcare system to evaluate, improve, and govern m-health and the digital future.

Despite the strides made in the study of -omics data, including pharmacogenomic data, there is still a lack of reliable, reproducible, sensitive, specific and, most importantly, clinically useful biomarkers for predicting response to drug treatment in real clinical practice. An important impact in the development and implementation of new pharmacogenetic biomarkers can be made by the creation of an appropriate ecosystem around biomarkers by uniting capacities of academic and research centers, biomedical laboratories and pharmaceutical companies, IT and artificial intelligence companies into consortiums. The article provides an overview of the so-called “biomarker factory”, which allows to build and systematize the process of introducing a pharmacogenomic biomarker into clinical practice.

Personalized medicine is a new paradigm in healthcare, based on understanding of the importance of an individual treatment approach and based on knowledge about genomic predictors and post-genomic markers of various diseases. Complementing the concept of evidence-based medicine, personalized medicine opens up new opportunities for doctors and researchers to treat patients more effectivel. At the same time it raises many medical, ethical and legal issues.

This article describes the current state of the problem with specific examples of the implementation of this approach by the leading institutions of the Russian Federation (including the Endocrinology Research Center).

This review is devoted to a description of the factors that underlie various phenotypes of obesity, their interrelationships, a predictor role in predicting metabolic health, maintaining it, in response to various options for therapeutic interventions.The review covered only key parameters: the role of the localization and morphology of adipose tissue in its metabolic activity and secretome characteristics, the role of the main adipokines and hormones involved in the regulation of nutritional metabolism, regulation of appetite and eating behavior and sensitivity to them in the development of obesity of various phenotypes.The role of unmodifiable factors (age and gender) is outlined, and the prospects for using these data in the fight against the obesity epidemic are briefly described.

The review considers the main trends of investigation in model organisms (Danio Rerio, Mus musculus) in modern personalized medicine, presents the main approaches to transgenesis, allowing more accurate modeling of specific human pathologies. Existing model systems for studying atherosclerosis, dyslipidemic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases are described. Three-dimensional cellular technologies applicable within a personalized approach to a patient are mentioned.

Calcific aortic valve stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease. No medical therapies are proven to be effective in holding or reducing disease progression. Therefore, aortic valve replacement remains the only available treatment option. This study discusses the application of multi-omics approaches, proteomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics to the study of valvular heart disease and how these emerging insights might translate into potential novel treatments. Moreover, a machine learning approach that could identify small molecules that correct gene networks seems to shed new light on the pathogenesis of calcification.

Large amount of genetic data accumulated over the recent years enabled the transition from association studies, aimed on the search for novel risk genes to the interpretation of personal risks and prognosis.

In this review the key milestones of computational biology are presented and the strengths and limitations of current genetic risk prediction methods are discussed.

The review represents the analysis of the literature data on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the innate immune system as promising prototypes of new antibiotic agents for overcoming the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. Structural and functional properties of these peptides are highlighted, information on the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and, briefly, on their effects on the cells of higher eukaryotes is provided. The advantages of AMPs in comparison with conventional antibiotics and the problems of practical application of AMPs are discussed. Examples of drugs developed based on AMPs that are at the stage of clinical trials are given, the necessity of creating new peptide drugs for medical application in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is substantiated.

Currently, there is a continuous increase in the number of interventional interventions in cardiology using X-ray contrast agents (RKV), which often leads to such a formidable complication as contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). The manifestations of CIAKI have all the characteristics of acute renal injury (AKI) and include an absolute (greater than or equal to 0.3 or more or equal to 0.5 mg/dL) or relative (greater than or equal to 25%) increases in serum creatinine (sCr) compared with baseline values, occurring 48-72 hours after intravascular administration of RVC.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury is a common complication following intravascular administration of iodine-containing contrast media and is associated with prolonged hospital stay and poor long-term prognosis, including unwanted cardiovascular events, and complete loss of renal function. CI-AKI occurs in 5-20% of hospitalized patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.

Unfortunately, there are currently no analogues of iodine-containing RVC, and therefore the question of finding optimal CI-AKI biomarkers for the purpose of early diagnosis and prevention of this formidable complication remains relevant.

The diagnosis of CI-AKI is based on an increase in serum creatinine, which is a late biomarker of kidney damage. New and earlier serum and urinary biomarkers for the diagnosis of kidney damage have now been identified that can be detected before serum creatinine levels rise. This article provides information on the most relevant and modern biomarkers of CI-AKI.

Background. Venous thromboembolic events are a frequent complication in patients with malignant tumors of the central nervous system and occupy the third place in the structure of causes of the death.

Objective. To evaluate risk factors for VTE in patients with malignant glioma.

Design and methods. The retrospective study included 337 patients with malignant glioma. The diagnosis of glial brain tumor was verified according to the morphological study of an intraoperative sample using the WHO classification. The analysis of risk factors for VTE was performed in two groups, depending on the presence of confirmed venous thrombosis.

Results. The incidence of venous thromboembolic complications among patients with brain neoplasms was 6.2%. In patients with venous thrombosis in the postoperative period, recurrent glioblastoma and the tumor size exceeded 5 cm was more common: 33% (n = 7) versus 13% (n = 41); 85% (n = 18) versus 47% (n = 148) (p = 0.05 and p = 0.013, respectively). In patients with venous thromboembolic complications on admission, the platelet level was significantly lower than in patients from the other group: 189 ± 72 versus 240.8 ± 93.3 (p = 0.04).

Conclusion. Thrombocytopenia, recurrent glioblastoma, tumor size more than 5 cm are the risk factors for venous thromboembolic.

Currently, microfluidic devices are striving for implementation in many areas of biomedicine: drug synthesis, theranostics, biosensors. Such devices provide fast and sufficient mixing in microfluidic channels, make it possible to obtain monodisperse particles, including nanoscale ones, to control the synthesis conditions and to precisely regulate the physicochemical properties of the resulting substances. Sensors based on microfluidics allow detecting various pathological processes. The presented review gives an idea of the principles of constructing microflow devices, chip materials, and reagent dosing systems. Examples of the use of microfluidics in various fields are given.

Amyloidosis is a group of diseases characterized by extracellular deposition of fibrillar protein (amyloid) in tissues and organs, consisting of β-sheet plates. The clinical manifestations and the endoscopic picture of amyloidosis are diverse and not very specific, which makes it difficult for specialists to make a diagnosis. The most common manifestations from the gastrointestinal tract are observed in AL-amyloidosis. The morphological diagnosis is made by detecting the characteristic apple-green birefringence in polarized light after staining with Congo red. This article presents clinical cases of diagnosis of amyloidosis of the gastrointestinal tract and modern literature data.