Background. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures are episodes involving changes in motor activity, emotions, sensations, or actions that resemble epileptic seizures but are not accompanied by epileptiform changes on the electroencephalogram.
Objective. To study the frequency and characteristics of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) in paediatric neurosurgical patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).
Design and methods. This is a single-centre, retrospective, uncontrolled, open-label observational study-part of an assignment of the M0H of the RF No.126020916808-7. All patients in the paediatric neurosurgery department diagnosed with DRE were included over a one-year period. The clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of DRE in the paediatric neurosurgery department, as well as the frequency and characteristics of PNES among patients in the neurosurgery department, were studied.
Results. In total, 58 children diagnosed with epilepsy were hospitalised in 2021. Group1 included 56 patients of both sexes, DRE without PNES; the mean age was 9.5±0.6 years. The gender ratio was boysto-girls = 1:1,2. The mean age at epilepsy onset was 4.3±0.62 years. Epilepsy onset before 3 years of age was observed in 27 children, of whom 24 had onset before 1 year. 11 children had onset between 3 and 7 years, 12 between 8 and 11 years, and 4 between 12 and 18 years. PNES were detected in 2 patients in Group2, with a boys-to-girls ratio = 1:1. A clinical example of PNES diagnosis in a 16-year-old girl with DRE is presented.
Conclusion. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures occurred in 3,5 % of children with epilepsy in a neurosurgical hospital. The gold standard for diagnosis is neurophysiological examination demonstrating absence of epileptiform activity during a seizure.

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) is a rare pathological entity, histologically defined as dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma ‒ a benign cerebellar neoplasm (CNS WHO grade 1). Although its etiology remains unclear, cerebellar involvement may present either sporadically, predominantly in children, or as a component of Cowden syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition characterized by multiple hamartomas arising from all three germ layers. The prognosis of this slow-growing benign lesion is generally favorable, with surgical resection recommended only in symptomatic cases. We report a clinical case of successful neurosurgical management in a 3-year-old patient presenting with hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the characteristic “tigroid” striation pattern on T2-weighted images, while histopathological examination of the cerebellar cortex confirmed the presence of large dysplastic ganglionic cells. This case highlights the importance of an individualized therapeutic approach in neuro-oncology and underscores the key clinical and morphological features of Lhermitte-Duclos disease.

Low back pain is a common symptom during pregnancy; however, in some cases, it may indicate serious surgical pathology. This article presents a clinical case of an intradural extramedullary hemangioblastoma at the S1 level in a pregnant patient presenting with severe pain and radicular syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enabled the identification of the tumor and determined the treatment strategy. Microsurgical resection of the tumor was performed, followed by histological confirmation of Grade 1 hemangioblastoma. Further evaluation excluded von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. An individualized management approach and surgical treatment led to the resolution of neurological symptoms and a favorable pregnancy outcome with spontaneous vaginal delivery. Timely diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach are key factors for successful outcomes in pregnant patients with rare neurosurgical conditions.

Positron emission tomography is among the most effective methods of modern functional neuroimaging. Early detection of cognitive impairment is one of the most important components in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. At the same time, the most challenging task remains the verification of pre-dementia forms of higher cerebral dysfunction. The pathogenetic basis of dementia involves alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism, accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau protein, as well as neuroinflammation. This necessitates the use of methods for in vivo assessment of these processes. Among such tools, 18F-FDG PET stands out, allowing the identification of characteristic hypometabolism patterns in Alzheimer’s disease, as well as PET with specific ligands for beta-amyloid and tau protein. The development of ligands targeting TSPO, NMDA receptors, and cholinergic receptors is a promising direction. The use of PET has demonstrated its effectiveness in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment, particularly in the early and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Objective ‒ to assess the diagnostic utility of positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose, amyloid- and tau-targeting ligands, as well as ligands targeting TSPO, NMDA receptors, and other molecular targets in the early and differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. This review synthesizes current evidence from the Russian and international literature regarding the clinical application of PET in cognitive impairment. A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and RSCI (Russian Science Citation Index) databases covering the period from 2010 to 2026, using search terms related to PET biomarkers in neurodegenerative disorders. Articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic, methodological rigor, and the currency of reported findings. Data were analyzed using methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, and data aggregation.

Background. Gunshot wounds to the neck during the Special Military Operation (SMO) are associated with a high incidence of major vascular, visceral, and nerve injuries, leading to significant mortality and disability.
Objective. To present contemporary diagnostic and treatment approaches for shrapnel wounds of the second neck zone based on a literature review and a clinical case.
Materials and methods. We analyzed 28 relevant publications (2022–2026) from eLibrary, CyberLeninka, and PubMed. A clinical case of a 30-year-old serviceman with a blind shrapnel wound to the right second neck zone (Roon and Christensen classification, 1979) is presented. The following methods were used: clinical examination, neck radiography, and ultrasound of soft tissues. Due to ongoing hemorrhagic discharge and noninformative ultrasound, emergency surgery was performed under endotracheal anesthesia: wound channel revision, removal of two metal fragments (4×5 cm and 2×3 cm), muscle plasty with interrupted sutures, and active drainage. Postoperative management included antibiotic therapy, thromboembolism prophylaxis, and wound monitoring. Intraoperative photography was performed.
Results. Data on the epidemiology and structure of gunshot neck wounds, anatomical landmarks and risk zones, diagnostic approaches, surgical tactics, and modern technologies (endoscopic and hybrid interventions) were analyzed. Postoperative complications and outcomes are reported. It was found that the choice of surgical tactics depends on the neck zone injured, the diagnostic capabilities available, and the feasibility of performing investigations in an advanced medical group setting. The priority is to exclude injury to the carotidjugular complex, the esophagus, and other neck organs. CT angiography has the highest sensitivity (98 %). In the presented case, due to ongoing hemorrhagic discharge and noninformative ultrasound, open revision was performed with removal of two fragments (4×5 cm and 2×3 cm), muscle plasty, and drainage. The outcome was satisfactory. No neurological deficit was observed.
Conclusion. In deep shrapnel wounds of the second neck zone with a risk of vascular injury, emergency surgery is indicated. Removal of large foreign bodies and restoration of muscular integrity improve outcomes.

Microscopic fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and constitute a substantial component of the human microbiota. Under certain conditions, however, commensal fungal species can behave as opportunistic pathogens, causing diseases of varying severity, including severe and potentially life-threatening invasive mycoses. The ability of a microorganism to manifest its pathogenic potential largely depends on host-specific features of the immune system and the nature of the immune response. In this study, we employed a panel of synthetic oligosaccharides structurally related to immunodominant fragments of fungal cell wall polysaccharides to characterize the specificity repertoire of antifungal antibodies in human serum. Our results revealed marked interindividual variability in antibody profiles, while individual profiles remained relatively stable over time during longitudinal analysis over a two-year period. These findings suggest that antibody specificity profiles to fungal antigens may serve as personalized immunological descriptors of antifungal immunity, with potential applications in the diagnosis and monitoring of fungal diseases, as well as in assessing immune dysfunction.

Adherence to treatment in patients with hypertension is a crucial component of the effectiveness of the treatment process and prescribed therapy. Non-adherence to prescribed therapy is a key factor in the development of acute illness. The introduction of a psychocorrectional program to enhance adherence into the treatment process has improved compliance among cardiology patients, including increased attention to physician advice, adherence to their recommendations, and more responsible behavior toward their health during the recovery phase.